de Vattel: Of Treaties of Alliance, and Other Public Treaties

The Law of Nations or the Principles of Natural Law (1758)Emmerich de Vattel

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Of Treaties of Alliance, and Other Public Treaties§ 152. Nature of treaties.§ 153. Pactions, agreements, or conventions.§ 154. By whom treaties are made.§ 155. Whether a state under protection may make treaties.§ 156. Treaties concluded by proxies or plenipotentiaries.§ 157. Validity of treaties.§ 158. Injury does§ 159. Duty of nations in this respect.§ 160. Nullity of treaties which are pernicious to the state.§ 161. Nullity of treaties made for an unjust§ 162. Whether an alliance may be contracted with those who do not profess the true religion.§ 163. Obligation of observing treaties.§ 164. The violation of a treaty is an act of injustice.§ 165. Treaties cannot be made contrary to those already existing. § 166. How treaties may be concluded with several nations with the same view.§ 167. The more ancient ally entitled to a preference.§ 168. We owe no assistance in an unjust war.§ 169. General division of treaties.
1. Those that relate to things already due by the law of nature.§ 170. Collision of these treaties with the duties we owe to ourselves.§ 171. Treaties in which we barely promise to do no injury.§ 172. Treaties concerning things that are not naturally due Equal Treaties.§ 173. Obligation of preserving equality in treaties§ 174. Difference between equal treaties and equal alliances.§ 175. Unequal treaties and unequal alliances.§ 176. How an alliance with diminution of sovereignty may annul preceding treaties.§ 177. We ought to avoid as much as possible making unequal alliances. § 178. Mutual duties of nations with respect to unequal alliances. § 179. In alliances where the inequality is on the side of the more powerful party.§ 180. How inequality of treaties and a alliances may be conformable to the law of nature.§ 181. Inequality imposed by way of punishment.§ 182. Other kinds of which we have spoken elsewhere.§ 183. Personal and real treaties.§ 184. Naming the contracting parties in the treaty does not render it personal.§ 185. An alliance made by a republic is real.§ 186. Treaties concluded by kings or other monarchs.§ 187. Perpetual treaties, and those for a certain time.§ 188. Treaties made for the king and his successors.§ 189. Treaties made for the good of the kingdom.§ 190. How presumption ought to be founded in doubtful cases.§ 191. The obligations and rights resulting§ 192. Treaties accomplished once for all and perfected.§ 193. Treaties already accomplished on the one part.§ 194. The personal alliance expires if one of the contracting powers ceases to reign.§ 195. Treaties in their own nature§ 196. Alliance concluded for the defense of the king and the§ 197. Obligation of a real alliance when the allied king is deposed.
   1. See the French historians.
   2. De Jure Belli et Pacis lib. ii. cap. xv. § 8, et sez.
   3. Mohammed warmly recommended to his disciples the observance of treaties. — Ockley's History of the Saracens, vol. i.
   4. De Jure Belli et Pacis, lib. ii, cap. xv. § 5.
   5. The author was a native of Switzerland.
   6. Digest, lib. ii. tit. xiv. de Pactis, leg. vii. § 8.
   7. De Jure Belli et Pacis, lib. ii. cap. xvi. § 16.
   8. See Chap. XII. § 153, of this book.
   9. Law of Nature and Nations, book 8, c. 9, § 8.