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1. Neque vero hoc solum naturâ. Id est, jure gentium, etc. Cicero do Offic. lib. iii. c.5.
2. Jus naturale est, quod natura omnia animalia docuit. Instit. lib. i. tit. 2.
3. Quod quisque populus ipse sibi jus constituit, id ipsius proprium civitatis, est, vocaturque jus civile, quasi jus proprium ipsius civitatis: quod vero naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud omnes perœque custoditur, vacaturque jus gentium, quasi quo jure omnes gentes utantur. Instit. lib. i. tit. ii. § 1.
4. Jus autem gentium omni humano generi commune est; nam usu exigente et humanis necessitatibus, gentes humanœ jura quædam sibi constituerunt. Bella etenim orta sunt, et captivitates secutæ et servitutes, quæ sunt naturali juri contrariæ. Jure enim naturali omnes homines ab initio liberi nascebantur Id. § 2.
5. Feciales, quod fidel publicæ inter populos prærant: nam per hos fiebat ut justum conciperetur bellum (et inde desitum), et ut foedere fides pacis cons tit ueretur. Ex his mittebant, antequam conciperetur, qui res repeterent: et per hos etiam nunc fit foedus. Varro de Ling. Lat. lib. iv.
6. De Jure Belli et Pacis, translated by Barbeyrac: Preliminary Discourse, § 41.
7. Rursus (lex) naturalis dividi potest in naturalem hominum. quæ sola obtinuit dici lex Naturæ, et naturalem civitatum, quæ dici potest Lex Gentium, vulgo autem Jus Gentium appellatur. Præcepta utriusque eadem sunt: sed quia civitates semel institutæ induunt proprietates hominum personales, lex quam, loquentes de hominum singulorum officio, naturalem dicimus, applicata totis civitatibus, nationibus, sive gentlbus, vocatur Jus Gentium, De Cive, c. xiv. § 4.
8. Pufendorf's Law of Nature and Nations, book ii. chap. iii. § 23.
9. Book i. chap. i. § 14, note 3.
10. In his Elementa Philos. Pract.
11. Note 2 on Pufendorf's Law of Nature and Nations, book ii. chap. 3, § 23. I have not been able to procure Budæus's work from which I suspect that Barbeyrac derived this idea of the Law of Nations.
12. If it were not more advisable for the sake of brevity, of avoiding repetitions, and taking advantage of the Ideas already formed and established in the minds of men, — if, for all these reasons. It were not more convenient to presuppose, in this instance, a knowledge of the ordinary law of nature, and on that ground to undertake the task of applying it to sovereign states, — it would, instead of speaking of such application, be more accurate to say, that, as the law of nature, properly so called, is the natural law of individuals and founded on the nature of man, so the natural law of nations is the natural law of political societies, and founded on the nature of those societies. But as the result of either mode is ultimately the same, I have, in preference, adopted the more compendious one. As the law of nature has already been treated of in an ample and satisfactory manner, the shortest way is simply to make a rational application of it to nations.
13. A nation here means a sovereign state, an independent political society.
14. In the VIIIth part of his Law of Nature, and in his Law of Nations.
15. Nihil est quod adhuc de republica putem dictum, et quo possim longius progredi, nisi sit confirmatum, non modo falsum esse istud, sine injuria non posse; sed hoc verissimum, sine summa justicia remplubicam regi non posse. Cicero, Fragment, ex lib. de Republica.