James Kent's Commentaries: Of Corporations

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   1. Dig. 47. 22. 4.
   2. Dig. 47. 22. 3. 1.
   3. Taylor's Elements of the Civil Law, 567-570.
   4. Ad Aug. 32.
   5. Suet. J. Caesar, 42.
   6. Epist. b. 10. Letters 42, 43.
   7. 1 Brown's Civil & Adm. Law, 142-8. Wood's Inst. Of the Civil Law. 134.
   8. 1 Bro. Civil Law, 151, 162, 163, 164.
   9. Ibid. 151, 152, note.
   10. Smith's Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations, vol. i. 495-501. 1 Robertson's Charles V. 31. 4. Hallam on the Middle Ages, vol. ii. 7880.
   11. Inquiry, vol. i. 62, 121, 130, 132, 139, 462.
   12. Co. Litt. 8. b. 250. a.
   13. Co. Litt. 8. b. 9. a.
   14. Ibid. 94. b, and note 46, and note 47, to lib. 1 Co. Litt. Viner, tit. Estate, L.
   15. 1 Kyd on Corporations, 76, 77. Co. Litt. 46.
   16. 2 Term Rep. 667.
   17. 7 Mass. Rep. 187. 1 Greenleaf, 361.
   18. Act of 5th April, 1813, L.N.Y. vol. ii, 211.
   19. 1 Blacks. Com. 471. 1 Kyd, 25-27. 1 Ld. Raym. 6. 8. 1 Vesey, sen. 537. 9 Vesey, 405. 1 Burr. 200. Lord Holt, in Philips v. Bury, cited in 2 Term Rep. 353.
   20. 2 Atk. 88.
   21. Sutton's hospital, 10 Co. 23. Lord Hardwicke, in 2 Atk. 87. Lord Holt, in Philips v. Bury, cited in 2 Term Rep. 352. The opinions of the Judges in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheaton, 518.
   22. 1 Salk. 191. 1 Blacks. Com. 474, 475.
   23. 1 Kyd on Corporations, 13, 69, 70. 1 Blacks. Com. 475, 476,
   24. The King v. The City of London, Skinner, 310.
   25. Laws of N.Y. vol. i. 289, 291, 292.
   26. Laws of N.Y. vol. ii. 139
   27. Laws of N.Y. vol. ii. 131.
   28. Hobart, 212. 5 Co. 63. Chamberlain of London's case. 1 Mod. Rep. 194. Rogers v. Davenant.
   29. 8 Johns. Rep. 422. 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 325.
   30. 10 Co. 27, 28, 30.
   31. Dyer, 100 a. pl. 70, cited as good law by Lord Kenyon, in 2 Term Rep. 672.
   32. 1 Kyd on Corporations, 225.
   33. 1 Kyd. 71, 72. 1 Blacks. Com. 477.
   34. Bro. Abr. Uses, pl. 10. Bacon on Uses, 57. Gilbert on Uses, by Sugden, p. 6, 7.
   35. Jackson v. Hartwell, 8 Johns. Rep. 422.
   36. Green v. Rutherforth, 1 Vesey, 462, 468, 470, 475. Gilbert on Uses, by Sugden, 7. note. 1 Kyd, 72. 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 384. 389.
   37. See Farmers' Fire Insurance and Loan Company, Laws of N.Y. 17th of April, 1822, ch. 240.
   38. The New York Lombard Association, Laws of N.Y. April 8th,1824. ch. 187.
   39. Co. Litt. 44. a. 300. b. 1 Sid. 161, note at the end of the case. 10 Co. 30, b. 1 Kyd, 76, 78, 108, 115. Com. Dig. tit. Franchise, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18.
   40. 1 Ves. & Bea. 226, 237, 240, 244.
   41. Laws of N.Y. vol. ii. 212.
   42. Co. Litt. 2. b. 2 Blacks. Com. 268-274. and I,$lacks. Com. 478.
   43. Laws of N.Y. sess. 36. ch. 23.
   44. 3 Binney, App. p. 626.
   45. First Parish in Sutton v. Cole, 3 Pickering, 222.
   46. Silver Lake Bank v. North, 4,Johns. Ch. Rep. 370.
   47. Christy's Dig. tit. Corporation.
   48. 1 McCord, 80.
   49. Jackson v. Hammond, 2 Caines' Cases in Error, 337.
   50. 4 Wheaton, 1.
   51. 1 Eden, 10. 1 Wm. Blacks. Rep. 91.
   52. 2 P. Wms. 119. 2 Vern. 342. Wilmot's Opinions, p. 24, 33. 1 Bro. 15. 7 Vesey, 69.
   53. Code, lib. 1. t. 2. s. 19, 26. tit. 3. s. 38. Dig, 33. 2. 16. Strahan's note to Domat, b. 1. tit. 1. s 16. Suinburne, part 6. s. l. 2 Domat, b. 3. tit. l. s. 6. — b. 4. tit. 2. s. 2. 6. — b. 3. tit. l. s. 6.
   54. 1 Ch. Cas. 134, 267. 6 Dow. 136.
   55. I have assumed the question on the validity of a devise of lands in trust for a charitable corporation, to be still unsettled, notwithstanding the decree in the case of The Orphan Asylum Society v. McCartee, because the point is still sub judice, on appeal from that decree and when this volume went to the press, the appeal had been argued.and remained undecided.
   56. Davies' Rep. p. 121. the case of the Dean and Chapter of Fernes.
   57. Plowd. 91. b. 2. Saund. 305. 3 P. Wms. 423. arg. and 1 Kyd. 260.
   58. Bro. Corpor. 51.
   59. 3 Lev. 107.
   60. 3 P. Wms. 419.
   61. Maxwel v. Dulwich College, cited in 1 Fonb. 296. note.
   62. 16 East, 6.
   63. 7 Cranch, 299,
   64. 8 Wheaton, 338.
   65. 9 Wheaton. 738.
   66. Eastman v. Coos Bank, 1 N. H. Rep. 26. The Proprietors of the Canal Bridge v. Gordon, 1 Pickering, 297. Mott v. Hicks, 1 Cowen, 513. The Baptist Church v. Mulford, 3 Halsted, 182. The Chesnut Hill Turnpike v. Nutter, 4 Serg. & Rawl. 16. Duncan, J. in Bank of Northern Liberties v. Cresson, 12 Serg. & Rawl. 312. Colcock v. Garvey, 1 Nott & McCord, 231. Bank of U.S. v. Dandridge, 12 Wheaton, 64.
   67. 1 Leon 163. 1 Kyd. 234, 237, 250, 253.
   68. 10 Co. 57. b. Case of the Chancellor of Oxford.
   69. 1 Kyd 246-252. 6 Co. 64 b. 70 Co. 126. a.
   70. Jenk. Cent., 243. case 6, 270. case 88. 10 Co. 126. a.
   71. Act. 7th Feb., 1817, ch. 28.
   72. Rex v. Varlo, Cowp. 248. 4 Kyd, 308, 400. 1 Blacks. Com. 478.
   73. Hicks v. The Town of Launceston, 1 Rol. Abr. 513, 514. 8 East, 272. n. S. C.
   74. 2 Kyd. 20-30.
   75. 3 Term Rep. 189.
   76. See also, Rex v. Spencer, 3 Burr. 1827. 2 Kyd, 26-31.
   77. 3 Serg. & Rawl. 29.
   78. Rex v. Spencer, 3 Burr. 1827. The general law on the subject of valid bylaws, is well digested is 1 Woodd. Lec. 486-500.
   79. Hicks v. Town of Launceston, 1 Rol. Abr. 513. Foot v. Prowse, Mayor of Truro, Str. 625. 3 Bro. P. C. 167. The Queen v. Corporation of Durham, 10 Mod. 146. The People v. Runkel, 9 Johns. Rep. 147.
   80. 3 Term Rep. 238, 245, 246.
   81. The Dean and Chapter of Fernes, Davies's Rep. 130-132.
   82. Bagg's Case, 11 Co. 99. a. 2d resolution. See also Sty. 477, 480. 1 Ld. Raym. 392. 2 ibid. 1566
   83. Tidderley's case, 1 Sid. 14.
   84. 2 Str. 891.
   85. 1 Burr. 517.
   86. The King v. Lyme Regis, Doug. 149.
   87. Ibid. and 3 Burr. 1837. For the various causes that have been adjudged sufficient or insufficient for the removal or disfranchisement of a member of a corporation, see 2 Kyd on Corporations. 62-94. Commonweatth v. St. Patrick's Society, 2 Binney, 441. The same v. Philanthropic Society, 5 ibid. 486. The same v. Pennsylvania Beneficial Society, 2 Serg. & Rawl. 141.
   88. Head & Amory v. The Providence Insurance Company, 2 Cranch, 127.
   89. The People v. Utica Insurance Company, 15 Johns. Rep. 358. The N.Y. Fire Insurance Company v. Ely, 5 Com. Rep 560.
   90. Broughton v. The Manchester Water Works Company, 3 Barn. & Ald. 1.
   91. 1 Blacks. Com. 480. 2 Kyd, 174.
   92. 1 Woodd. Lec. 474.
   93. Skinner's Rep. 447. 1 Lord Raym. 5. S. 2 Term Rep. 316.
   94. 4 Wheaton, 518.
   95. Story, J. in 4 Wheaton, 674, 675. Blacks. Com. 482. Case of Sutton Hospital, 10 Co. 33. a. b. Philips v. Bury, supra. Green v. Rutherforth, 1 Verey, 462. Attorney General v. Middleton, 2 Vesey, 327.
   96. 2 Vesey, 472. l0 Co. 33. a.
   97. Story, J. 4 Wheaton, 676.
   98. 1 Blacks. Com. 480, 481.
   99. 2 Kyd, 174.
   100. Attorney General v. Utica Insurance Company, 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 384-390. 1 Vesey, 468. 2 Atk. 406, 407. 3 Merivale, 375. 4 Wheaton's App. 20, 21.
   101. 1 Blacks. Com. 485.
   102. 4 Wheaton, 318.
   103. Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 88. The State of New Jersey v. Wilson, 7 ibid. 164. Terret v. Taylor, 9 ibid. 43. The Town of Pawlet v. Clark, ibid 292.
   104. Parsons, Ch. J. 2 Mass. Rep. 146.
   105. 1 Lev. 237. Edmunds v. Brown & Sillard. Co. Litt. 13. b. 3 Burr. 1868. Arg. 1 Blacks. Com. 484. 2 Kyd on Corp. 516.
   106. Art. 7. s. 9.
   107. 1 Rol. Abr. 514. l. 1.
   108. 3 Term Rep. 199.
   109. 1 Preston on Abstract of Titles, p. 273.
   110. 1 Woodd. Lec. 500. Salk. 191.
   111. 3 Dy. 282 b.
   112. 3 Burr. 1866.
   113. 19 Johns. Rep. 456.
   114. Smith v. Smith, 3 Eq. Rep. 557.
   115. 2 Term Rep. 515.
   116. Slee v. Bloom, 5 Johns. Ch. Rep. 380. Story, J. in 9 Cranch's Rep., 61.
   117. Lord Keynon, and Ashhurst, J. in Rex v. Pasmore, 3 Term Rep. 199.
   118. Rex v. Stevenson, Yelv. 190. Commonwealth v. Union Insurance Company, 5 Mass. Rep. 230.
   119. Sess 48 ch. 325.
   120. 3 Johns. Rep. 134. Van Ness, J. 5 Johns. Ch. Rep. 380. Slee v. Bloom. 17 Vesey, 491. Attorney General v. Earl of Clarendon, 1 Eq. Cas. Abr. 131. pl. 10. Attorney General v. Reynolds. 2 Johns. Ch. Rep. 376, 378, 388. Attorney General v. Utica Insurance Company. 5 Term Rep. 85. The King v. Whitwell.
   121. 9 L. N.Y. sess. 40, ch. 146. and sess. 44. ch. 148.
   122. Sess. 48. ch. 325.