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1. chap. 1. page 137.
2. Dewes. 479.
3. Ibid. 645.
4. King James's works. 557, 531.
5. Finch. L. 84, 85.
6. Bract. l. 3. tr. 1. c. 9.
7. Nov. 105 §. 2.
8. Ff. 32. 1. 23.
9. Finch. L. 85.
10. Peregrix. de jure fisc. l. 1. c. 1. num. 9.
11. l. 1. c. 8.
12. Seld. tit. of hon. 1. 2.
13. Rex allegavit, quod ipse omnes libertates haberet in regno suo, quas imperator vindicabat in imperio. [The king alleged that he should possess the same privileges in his kingdom as an emperor claimed in his empire.] (M. Paris, A. D. 1095.)
14. Finch. L. 83.
15. Finch. L. 255.
16. Law of N. and N. 1. 8. c. 10.
17. on Gov. p. 2. §. 205.
18. Plowd. 487.
19. Com. Journ. 18 Nov. 1685.
20. Com. Journ. 4 Dec. 1717.
21. Finch. L. 82. Co. Litt. 90 b.
22. Finch. L. 82.
23. Co. Litt. 43.
24. The methods of appointing this guardian or regent have been so various, and the duration of his power so uncertain, that from thence alone it may be collected that his office is unknown to the common law; and therefore (as Sir Edward Coke says, 4 Inst. 58.) the surest way is to have him made by authority of the great council in parliament. The earl of Pembroke by his own authority assumed, in very troublesome times, the regency of Henry III, who was then only nine years old; but was declared of full age by the pope at seventeen, confirmed the great charter at eighteen, and took upon him the administration of the government at twenty. A guardian and council of regency were named for Edward III, by the parliament which deposed his father; the young king being them fifteen, and not assuming the government till three years after. When Richard II succeeded at the age of eleven, the duke of Lancaster took upon him the management of the kingdom, till the parliament met, which appointed a nominal council to assist him. Henry V on his death-bed named a regent and a guardian for his infant son Henry VI, then nine months old: but the parliament altered his disposition, and appointed a protector and council, with a special limited authority. Both these princes remained in a state of pupilage till the age of twenty-three. Edward V, at the age of thirteen, was recommended by his father to the care of the duke of Gloucester; who was declared protector by the privy council. The statutes 25 Hen. VIII. c. 12. and 28 Hen. VIII. c. 7. provided, that the successor, if a male and under eighteen, or if a female and under sixteen, should be till such age in the governance of his or her natural mother, (if approved by the king) and such other counselors as his majesty should by will or otherwise appoint: and he accordingly appointed his sixteen executors to have the government of is son, Edward VI, and the kingdom; which executors elected the earl of Hertford protector. The statute 24 Geo. II. c. 24. in case the crown should descend to any of the children of Frederick late prince of Wales under the age of eighteen, appoints the princess dowager; and that of 5 Geo. III. c. 27. in case of a like descent to any of his present majesty's children, empowers the king to name either the queen, the princess dowager, or any descendant of king George II residing in this kingdom; to be guardian and regent, till the successor attains such age, assisted by a council of regency: the powers of them all being expressly defined and set down in the several acts.
25. Plowd. 177. 234.
26. M. 49 Hen. VI. pl. 1 8.
27. Orig. 1. §. 105.
28. on Gov. 2. §. 166.
29. 4 Inst. 152.
30. As was done with count Gyllenberg the Swedish minister to Great Britain, A. D. 1716.
31. Sp. L. 26. 21.
32. Van Leeuwen in Ff. 50. 7. 17. Barbeyrac's Puf. 1. 8. c. 9. & 17. Van Bynkershoek de foro legator. c. 17, 18, 19.
33. 1 Roll. Rep. 175. 3 Bulstr. 27.
34. 4 Inst. 153.
35. 1 Roll. Rep. 185.
36. Foster's reports. 188.
37. Securitas legatorum utilitati quae ex poena est praeponderat. [The security of ambassadors is of more importance than the punishment of a particular crime.] De jur. b. & p. 2. 18. 4. 4.
38. 4 Inst, 153.
39. 21 July. 1708. Boyer's annals of queen Anne.
40. 25 July. 1708. ibid.
41. 25, 29 Jul. 1708. ibid.
42. 23 Oct. 1708. ibid.
43. 14 Feb. 1708. ibid.
44. 17 Sept. 1708. ibid.
45. 11 Jan. 1708. ibid. Mod. Un. Hist. xxxv. 454.
46. Com. journ. 1708.
47. 21 Apr. 1709. Boyer, ibid.
48. Mr. Whitworth.
49. 8 Jan. 1709. Boyer, ibid.
50. 7 Ann. c. 12.
51. Saepe quaesitum est an comitum numero et jure habendi sunt, qui legatum comitantur, non ut instructior fiat legatio, sed unicè ut lucro suo consulant, institores forte et mercatores. Et quamvis hos saepe defenderint et comitum loco habere voluerint legati, apparet tamen satis eo non pertinere, qui in legati legationisve officio non sunt. Quum autem ea res nonnunquam turban dederit, optimo exemplo in quibusdam aulis olim receptum fuit, ut legatus teneretur exhibere nomenclaturam comitum suorum. [It was often a question whether they who accompanied the ambassador, not that the embassy might be better appointed, but merely to consult their own advantage, perhaps as hucksters and merchants, should be reckoned in the number and enjoy the rights of his train. And although the ambassadors often protected them, and wished to reckon them in the number of their suite, yet it is evident that they who are neither in the office of ambassador, nor employed in the embassy, do not belong to it. But as this frequently caused disturbances, it was formerly adjudged in some courts the best mode of proceeding, that the ambassador should be bound to shew a list of the names of his attendants.] Van Bynkersh. c. 15. propc finem.
52. Fitzg. 200. Stra. 797.
53. Puf. L. of N. b. 8. c. 9. §. 6.
54. Puf. l. 8. c. 6. §. 8. and Barbeyr. in loc.
55. Ff. 50. 16. 118.
56. de jur. b. & p. l. 3. c. 3. §. 11.
57. Grot. de jur. b. & p. l. 3. c. 2. §. 4 & 5.
58. See the account given by Nestor, in the eleventh book of the Iliad, of the reprisals made by himself on the Epeian nation; from whom he took a multitude of cattle, as a satisfaction for a prize won at the Elian games by his father Neleus, and for debts due to many private subjects of the Pylian kingdom: our of which booty the king took three hundred head of cattle for his own demand, and the rest were equitably divided among the other creditors.
59. Law of N. and N. b. 3. c. 3. §. 9.
60. 15 Hen. VI. c. 3. 18 Hen. VI. c. 8. 30 Hen. VI. c. 1.
61. c. 30.
62. de jure Suton. l. 2. c. 4.
63. Sp. L. 20. 13.
64. Sp. L. 20. 6.
65. Nobiliores natalibus, et honorum luce conspicuos, et patrimonio ditiores, perniciosum urbibus mercimonium exercere prohibemus. [We forbid those who are noble by birth, conspicuous from the splendor of their honors, and wealthy in their patrimony, to exercise traffic, so pernicious to cities.] C. 4. 63. 3.
66. Homo mercator vix aut nunquam potest Deo placere: et ideo nullus Christianus debet esse mercator; aut si voluerit esse, projiciatur de ecclesia Dei. [A trader can seldom or never please God; therefore, no Christian ought to be a trader; or, if he will be one, he should be cast out from the church of God.] Decret. 1. 88. 11.
67. Falsa fit poenitentia [laici] cum penitus ab officio curiali vel negotiali non recedit, quae sine peccatis agi ulla ratione non praevalet. [The repentance (of a layman) becomes fallacious if he quit not entirely the professions of law and traffic, which it is impossible to exercise in any manner without sin.] Act. Concil. Apud Baron. c. 16.
68. ch. 2. pag. 149.
69. 11 Rep. 74 b.
70. 11 Rep. 71.
71. 7 Rep. 32.
72. 2 Inst. 30.
73. Cowel's interpr. tit, casteilorum operatio. Seld. Fan. Angl. 1. 42.
74. 2 Inst. 31.
75. 1 Inst. 5.
76. 2 Feud. t. 56. Crag. 1. 15. 15.
77. F. N. B. 113.
78. Dav. 9. 56.
79. Madox hist. exch. 530.
80. 4 Inst. 148.
81. 3 Inst. 204. 4. Inst. 148.
82. Rot. Clauf. 1 Ric. II. m. 42. Pryn. on. 4 Inst. 136.
83. 1 Sid. 158. r. Inst. 149.
84. F. N. B. 85.
85. c. 123.
86. 3 Inst. 175.
87. 5 Ric. II. c. 2.
88. 1 Hawk. P. C. 22.
89. Ad hoc autem creatus est et electus, ut justitiam faciat universis. [But he is created and chosen for the purpose of dispensing justice to all.] Bract. l. 3. tr. 1. c. 9.
90. 2 Hawk. P. C. 2.
91. Ld Raym. 747.
92. Com. Journ. 3 Mar. 1761.
93. Stiernh. de jure Goth. l. 3. c. 3. A notion somewhat similar to this may be found in the mirrour. c. 1. §. 5.
94. Fortesc. c. 8. 2 Inst. 186.
95. Co. Litt. 139.
96. Finch. L. 81.
97. 3 Inst. 162.
98. 4 Mod. 177, 179.
99. Stat. 1 Edw. VI. c. 12.
100. 2 Inst. 533.
101. 4 Inst. 361.
102. Disputare de principali judicio non oportet; sacrilegii enim instar est, dubitare an is dignus sit quem eligerit imperator. [It is not fit to dispute the judgment of the prince; for it is a kind of sacrilege to doubt the eligibility of him whom the emperor has chosen.] C. 9. 29. 3.
103. Co. Litt. 172. Ld Raym. 181. 1542.
104. 2 Inst. 220.
105. Gr. Coustum. C. 16.
106. cap. 8.
107. William of Malmfb. in vita hen. I. Spelm. Hen. I. ap. Wilkins. 299.
108. Hoved. Matth. Paris.
109. Hoved. A. d. 1201.
110. 9 Hen. III. c. 25.
111. Plac. 35 Edw. I. apud Cowel's Interpr. tit. pondus regis.
112. Flet. 2. 12.
113. 14 Edw. III. St. 1. c. 12. 25 Edw. III. St. 5. c. 10. 16 Rip. II. c. 3. 8 Hen. VI. c. 5. 11 Hen. VI. c. 8. 21 Hen. VII. c. 4. 33 Car. II. c. 8.
114. 2 Inst. 41.
115. 2 Inst. 577.
116. 1 hist. P. C. 191.
117. Spelm. Gloss. 203.
118. 2 Inst. 277.
119. 1 H. P. C. 194.
120. Ibid. 197.
121. Ibid.
122. 4 Inst. 322, 323.
123. In the diet of Sweden, where the ecclesiastics form one of the branches of the legislature, the chamber of the clergy resembles the convocation of England. It is composed of the bishops and superintendents; and also of deputies, one of which is chosen by every ten parishes or rural deanery. Mod. Un. hist. xxxiii. 18.
124. Gilb. hist. of exch. c. 4.