The Laws Of Nature And Nature's God
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Sir William Blackstone


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Of the Laws of England
NOTES

     1.    Caes. de b. G. lib. 6. c. 13.
     2.    Spelm. Gl. 362.
     3.    c. 17.
     4.    See his proposals of a digest.
     5.    c. 2.
     6.    Hal. Hist. 55.
     7.    in Hen. II.
     8.    in Edw. Confessor.
     9.    in Seld. ad Eadmer. 6
   10.    Mod. Un. Hist. xxii 135.
   11.    Ibid xx. 211.
   12.    Ibid xxxiii. 21. 58.
   13.    cap. 8.
   14.    Seld. review of Tith c. 8.
   15.    Herein agreeing with the civil law, Ff. 1. 3. 20, 21. "Non omnium, quae a majoribus nostris constituta sunt, ratio reddi potest; et ideo rationes eorum, quae constituuntur, inquiri non oportet: alioquin multa ex his, quae certa sunt, subvertuntur." ["Reasons cannot be given for all the laws which our ancestors have appointed; therefore we should not seek them; otherwise many of those laws which are established would be subverted."]
   16.    "Si imperialis majestas causam cognitionaliter examinaverit, et partibus, cominus constitutis sententiam dixerit, omnes omnino judices, qui sub nostro imperio sunt, sciant hanc esse legem, non solum illi causae pro qua producta est, sed et in omnibus similibus." ["If the Emperor shall have examined the cause, and shall immediately declare his opinion, let all the judges of the land know that this is law, not only with respect to that cause which first produced the opinion, but to every other of the like nature."] C. 1. 14. 12.
   17.    Pat. 15 Jac. I. p. 18, 17 Rym. 26.
   18.    His reports, for instance, are styled kat exochn the reports, and in quoting them we usually say, 1 or 2 Kep. not 1 or 2 Coke's Rep. as in citing other authors. The reports of judge Croke are also cited in a peculiar manner, by the name of those princes, in whose reigns the cases reported in his three volumes were determined; viz. queen Elizabeth, king James, and king Charles the first; as well as by the number of each volume. For sometimes we call them 1, 2, and 3 Cro. but more commonly Cro. Eliz. Cro. Jac. and Cro. Car.
   19.    It is usually cited either by the name of Co. Litt. or as 1 Inst.
   20.    These are cited as 2, 3, or 4 Inst. without any author's name. An honorary distinction, which, we observed, is paid to the works of no other writer; the generality of reports and other tracts being quoted in the name of the compiler, as 2 Ventris, 4 Leonard, 1 Siderfin, and the like.
   21.    Ff. 1. 3. 32.
   22.    Ff. 1. 4. 1.
   23.    C. 1. 14. 12.
   24.    C. 1. 23. 5.
   25.    Mag. Chart. 9 Hen. III. c. 9 ... 1 Edw. III. st. 2. c. 9 ... 14 Edw. III. st. 1. c. 1 ... and 2 Hen. IV. c. 1.
   26.    8 Rep 126. Cro. Car. 347.
   27.    Winch. 24.
   28.    Co. Litt. 175.
   29.    Litt. §. 265.
   30.    Dr. & St. 1. 10.
   31.    Cro. Car. 516.
   32.    Hob. 85.
   33.    Litt. §. 212. 4 Inst. 274.
   34.    Co. Litt. 113.
   35.    Ibid. 114.
   36.    Ibid.
   37.    Litt. § 212.
   38.    1 Inst. 62.
   39.    Co. Copyh. § 33.
   40.    1 Roll Abr 565
   41.    9 Rep 58
   42.    Co. Cop. §. 33.
   43.    Co. Litt. 15.
   44.    Hist. C. L. c. 2.
   45.    l. 3. c. 34.
   46.    Taylor's elements of civil law 17.
   47.    See §. 1. p. 18.
   48.    Burn's eccl. law, pref. viii.
   49.    Statute 25 Hen. VIII, c. 19, revived and confirmed by 1 Eliz. c. 1.
   50.    Stra. 1057.
   51.    Hale Hist. c. 2.
   52.    8 Rep. 20.
   53.    The method of citing these acts of parliament is various. Many of our ancient statutes are called after the name of the place where the parliament was held that made them; as the statutes of Merton and Marlbridge, of Westminster, Gloucester, and Winchester. Others are denominated entirely from their subject; as the statutes of Wales and Ireland, the articuli cleri [articles of the clergy], and the praerogativa regis [King's prerogative]. Some are distinguished by their initial words, a method of citing very ancient: being used by the Jews in denominating the books of the pentateuch, by the Christian church in distinguishing their hymns and divine offices; by the Romanists in describing their papal bulls; and in short by the whole body of ancient civilians and canonists, among whom this method of citation generally prevailed, not only with regard to chapters, but inferior sections also; in imitation of all which we still call some of our old statutes by their initial words, as the statute of quia emptores [because purchasers], and that of circumspecte agatis [that ye act circumspectly]. But the most usual method of citing them, especially since the time of Edward the second, is by naming the year of the king's reign in which the statute was made, together with the chapter, or particular act, according to its numeral order, as 9 Geo. II. c. 4. For all the acts of one session of parliament taken together make properly but one statute: and therefore when two sessions have been held in one year, we usually mention stat. 1. or 2. Thus the bill of rights is cited, as 1 W. and M. st. 2. c. 2 signifying that it is the second chapter or act, of the second statute, or the laws made in the second session of parliament, in the first year of king William and queen Mary.
   54.    Gravin. Orig. 1. §. 24.
   55.    3 Rep. 7. Co. Litt. 11. 42.
   56.    Co. Litt. 45. 3 Rep. 60. 10 Rep. 58.
   57.    2 Rep. 46.
   58.    2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. 33 Bac. Elem. c. 12.
   59.    3 Rep. 83.
   60.    1 Rep. 47.
   61.    Jenk. Cent. 2. 73.
   62.    11 Rep. 63.
   63.    4 Inst. 325.
   64.    4 Inst. 43.
   65.    Cum lex abrogatur, illad ipsum abrogatur, quo non eam abrogari oporteut. [When you repeal the law itself, you at the same time repeal the prohibitory clause, which guards against such repeal.] l ep. 23.
   66.    8. Rep. 118.
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