Biblical Principles of Law: Restitution and Punishment

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Restitution and PunishmentIntroductionEye for Eye, Tooth for Tooth: Restitution Not RetributionRestitution and VictimsRestitution and OffendersRestitution and SocietyConclusionPrevious:FOOTNOTES
* Copyright © 1987, 2006 Herbert W. Titus. Used by permission. Excerpted from Biblical Principles of Law. This resource can be purchased here.
   1. Bainbridge, "The Return of Retribution," 71 A.B.A.J. (1985), 61.
   2. See, e.g., H. Packer, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction (1968), 19-70.
   3. W. La Fave and A. Scott, Criminal Law (1972), 9.
   4. See, e.g., Nagin, "General Deterrence: A Review of the Empirical Evidence," in Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates (1978), 95, 135-36. Also see, D. Glaser, The Effectiveness of a Prison and Parole System (1964).
   5. See, e.g., K. Menninger, The Crime of Punishment (1968), 264-270.
   6. P. Low, J. Jeffries and R. Bonnie, Criminal Law, Cases and Materials (1982), 7.
   7. Id.
   8. Id., at 1-2.
   9. See, e.g., J. Wilson, ed., Crime and Public Policy (1983), 103-105, 220-223, 253.
   10. See, e.g., J. Kaplan, Criminal Justice (1973), 9.
   11. H. Packer, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction (1968), 37-39.
   12. Deuteronomy 19:15-18.
   13. Deuteronomy 19:19.
   14. Deuteronomy 19:20-21.
   15. Leviticus 24:17-19.
   16. Id.
   17. Exodus 21:19.
   18. Exodus 21:12.
   19. Exodus 21:36.
   20. R. Rushdoony, Institutes of Biblical Law (1973), 272.
   21. See, e.g., Greenwood, "Controlling the Crime Rate Through Imprisonment," in J. Wilson, Crime and Public Policy (1983), 252-53.
   22. Colson and Benson, "Restitution as an Alternative to Imprisonment," 11 Det. Coll. of Law Rev. (1980), 523, 525-26.
   23. Id., at 565-76.
   24. Exodus 22:1.
   25. Exodus 22:4.
   26. Exodus 22:6,9.
   27. Exodus 22:7,10-12.
   28. O. Holmes, The Common Law (1881), 3.
   29. Exodus 22:1,4.
   30. Exodus 22:3.
   31. "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States . . ."
   32. Colson and Benson, supra note 22, at 555.
   33. Exodus 21:19.
   34. See, Exodus 22:17.
   35. See, Exodus 22:1 and Genesis 9:6.
   36. An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States, Section 16, 1 Stat. 116 (1790).
   37. Act No. 87, Public Acts of 1985, State of Michigan.
   38. Luke 19:8.
   39. Luke 19:9.
   40. 1 Timothy 2:5.
   41. Leviticus 6:1-7.
   42. Deuteronomy 25:1-2.
   43. Deuteronomy 25:3.
   44. Proverbs 20:30.
   45. Proverbs 23:13-14.
   46. Proverbs 10:13.
   47. Proverbs 22:15.
   48. Proverbs 29:15.
   49. Battered Women: Issues of Public Policy (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1978), 479-80.
   50. R. Docksai, You Won't Get Spanked in Sweden (1980), 8.
   51. 404 F.2d 571 (8th Cir. 1968).
   52. Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 102; 78 S.Ct. 590, 598 (1958).
   53. Supra, note 36.
   54. R. Perry, ed., Sources of Our Liberties (1972), 153.
   55. Id.
   56. See, 11 Dela. Code, §§631, 811, and 3905-08, also G. Newman, Just and Faithful (1983), 129.
   57. Newman, supra note 56, at 28-35.
   58. Matthew 27:26.
   59. Acts 5:40; 16:23 and 2 Corinthians 11:24.
   60. Proverbs 14:12, 16:25.
   61. Proverbs 14:34.
   62. Romans 13:3-4.
   63. D. Baker and E. Nester, Depression (1983), 60.
   64. F. Newman, Just and Painful (1983), 8.
   65. Id., at 139.
   66. Id., at 100.
   67. Genesis 4:10.
   68. Numbers 35:30-31,33.
   69. Psalm 106:38-41.
   70. Isaiah 24:5.
   71. Genesis 9:6.
   72. Habakkuk 2:1-17.
   73. Taylor, Capital Punishment - Right and Necessary, in Essays on the Death Penalty (T. Ingram, ed., 1963), 47.
   74. Id.
   75. C.S. Lewis, The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment, in God in the Dock (1970), 287.
   76. John 3:8.
   77. John 6:37,39.
   78. Exodus 20:13.
   79. Exodus 31:18.
   80. Exodus 21:12,14, Leviticus 24:17, Numbers 35:30-34, Deuteronomy 19:11-12.
   81. Numbers 23:19, Titus 1:2.
   82. Proverbs 30:5-6.
   83. Matthew 5:38-39.
   84. Romans 13:1-4, 1 Peter 2:13-14.
   85. Ephesians 6:4.
   86. Luke 20:25.
   87. Matthew 5:22,28.
   88. Matthew 5:21.
   89. Matthew 5:20.
   90. Matthew 5:42-45.
   91. John 8:7.
   92. John 8:9-10.
   93. Anyone committing adultery in Israel deserved death. Leviticus 10:20.
   94. Romans 9:24-33.
   95. John 11:48.
   96. John 12:47.
   97. Luke 9:55-56.
   98. Whether or not there is authority to impose the death penalty for offense beyond murder is beyond the scope of this essay. See, e.g., Deuteronomy 22:25-26.
   99. W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1769), Vol. IV, at 194.
   100. Id.
   101. Id., at 94.
   102. Woodsen v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280 (1976).
   103. Deuteronomy 1:17, 16:19.
   104. Proverbs 24:24. Cf., Proverbs 28:21.
   105. Deuteronomy 1:17.
   106. Leviticus 19:15.
   107. James 2:3-4.
   108. Woodsen, supra note 102, at 304.
   109. Genesis 9:6.
   110. Deuteronomy 17:13, 19:20.
   111. Low, Jeffries and Bonnie, supra note 6, at 17-18.
   112. Howe, ed., Holmes-Laski Letters (1953), 806.
   113. John 11:50.
   114. Newman, supra note 56, at 98-99.
   115. Lewis, supra note 75, at 291.